Pescetarianism, also called pesco-vegetarianism, is the practice of a diet In nutrition, diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism. Dietary habits are the habitual decisions an individual or culture makes when choosing what foods to eat. With the word diet, it is often implied the use of specific intake of nutrition for health or weight-management reasons . Although humans are omnivores, each culture that includes seafood Seafood refers to any sea animal or plant that is served as food and eaten by humans. Seafoods include seawater animals, such as fish and shellfish . By extension, in North America although not generally in the United Kingdom, the term seafood is also applied to similar animals from fresh water and all edible aquatic animals are collectively and excludes other animals. In addition to fish Fish is a food consumed by many species, including humans. The word "fish" refers to both the animal and to the food prepared from it. Fish has been an important source of protein for humans throughout recorded history or shellfish Shellfish is a culinary and fisheries term for exoskeleton-bearing aquatic invertebrates used as food, including various species of molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. Although most kinds of shellfish are harvested from saltwater environments, some kinds are found only in freshwater. In addition a few species of land crabs are eaten, for, a pescetarian diet typically includes some or all of vegetables The noun vegetable usually means an edible plant or part of a plant other than a sweet fruit or seed. This usually means the leaf, stem, or root of a plant, fruit The term has different meanings dependent on context. In non-technical usage, such as food preparation, fruit normally means the fleshy seed-associated structures of certain plants that are sweet and edible in the raw state, such as apples, oranges, grapes, strawberries, juniper berries and bananas, or the similar-looking structures in other, nuts Nut is a hard shelled fruit of some plants that has an indehiscent seed. While a wide variety of dried seeds and fruits are called nuts in English, only a certain number of them are considered by biologists to be true nuts. Nuts are an important source of nutrients for both humans and wildlife, grains, beans Bean is a common name for large plant seeds of several genera of the family Fabaceae used for human food or animal feed, eggs An egg is a spheroid or ovoid shaped cell laid by females of many different species, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Eggs have been eaten by mankind for millennia. Bird eggs consist of a protective eggshell, albumen (egg white), and vitellus (egg yolk), contained within various thin membranes and dairy A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal milk—mostly from cows or goats, but also from buffalo, sheep, horses or camels —for human consumption. Typically it is a farm or section of a farm that is concerned with the production of milk, butter and cheese. The Merriam-Webster Merriam–Webster, which was originally the G. & C. Merriam Company of Springfield, Massachusetts, is an American company that publishes reference books, especially dictionaries that are descendants of Noah Webster’s An American Dictionary of the English Language dictionary dates the origin of the term "pescetarian" to 1993 and defines it to mean: "one whose diet includes fish but no meat".[1]

Contents

Terminology

Look up pescetarian in Wiktionary Wiktionary is a multilingual, web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 151 languages. Unlike standard dictionaries, it is written collaboratively by volunteers, dubbed "Wiktionarians", using wiki software, allowing articles to be changed by almost anyone with access to the website, the free dictionary.

Pescetarian is a neologism A neologism ; from Greek νέος (neos 'new') + λόγος (logos 'speech') is a newly coined word that may be in the process of entering common use, but has not yet been accepted into mainstream language. Neologisms are often directly attributable to a specific person, publication, period, or event. According to Oxford English Dictionary the formed as a portmanteau A portmanteau (pronounced /pɔrtmænˈtoʊ/ , plural: portmanteaus or portmanteaux) or portmanteau word is used to mean a blend of two (or more) words or morphemes and their meanings into one new word. In linguistics, a portmanteau is defined as a single morph which represents two or more morphemes of the Italian word pesce ("fish A fish is any aquatic vertebrate animal that is covered with scales, and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins. Most fish are "cold-blooded", or ectothermic, allowing their body temperatures to vary as ambient temperatures change. Fish are abundant in most bodies of water. They can be found in nearly all aquatic") and the English word "vegetarian". The Italian word is pronounced [ˈpeʃːe], whilst the English neologism is commonly pronounced /ˌpɛskɨˈtɛəriən/, with a /sk/ sound, thus differing from pronunciations of similar terms in English and Italian.

Pesce in turn derives from the Latin piscis, which has the form pisci- when it serves as a prefix, as it often does in scholarly terms (e.g. "pisciculture" /ˈpɪsɨkʌltʃər/), or "piscivore Some animals, like the sea lion, or alligator, are not completely piscivorous, while others, like the Aquatic Genet, are strictly dependent on fish for food. The name piscivore is derived from the Latin word for fish, "piscis"" /ˈpɪsɨvɔr/). Note that a piscivore eats a diet primarily of fish (a sub-set of carnivores A carnivore , meaning 'meat eater' (Latin carne meaning 'flesh' and vorare meaning 'to devour'), is an organism that derives its energy and nutrient requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of animal tissue, whether through predation or scavenging. Animals that depend solely on animal flesh for their nutrient requirements are), whereas the neologism "pescetarian" refers to human omnivores who consume both fish-meat and plants.

Rationale

Transition to vegetarianism

For some, becoming either vegan Veganism is a philosophy and lifestyle whose adherents seek to exclude the use of animals for food, clothing, or any other purpose. Vegans endeavor not to use or consume animal products of any kind. The most common reasons for becoming a vegan are human health, ethical commitment or moral conviction concerning animal rights or welfare, the or vegetarian Vegetarianism is the practice of following a plant-based diet including fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, nuts, and seeds, with or without dairy products and eggs. A vegetarian does not eat meat, including red meat, game, poultry, fish, crustacea, and shellfish, and may also abstain from by-products of animal slaughter such as animal-derived is the overall goal and the pescetarian diet is sometimes seen as an interim in a period of transition from a Western pattern diet The Western pattern diet, also called Western dietary pattern or the meat-sweet diet, is a dietary habit chosen by many people in developed countries, and increasingly in developing countries. It is characterized by high intakes of red meat, sugary desserts, high-fat foods, and refined grains. It also typically contains high-fat dairy products, to a vegan or vegetarian diet. For others it has become the middle ground between eating meat and being a vegan Veganism is a philosophy and lifestyle whose adherents seek to exclude the use of animals for food, clothing, or any other purpose. Vegans endeavor not to use or consume animal products of any kind. The most common reasons for becoming a vegan are human health, ethical commitment or moral conviction concerning animal rights or welfare, the or vegetarian Vegetarianism is the practice of following a plant-based diet including fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, nuts, and seeds, with or without dairy products and eggs. A vegetarian does not eat meat, including red meat, game, poultry, fish, crustacea, and shellfish, and may also abstain from by-products of animal slaughter such as animal-derived.

Health benefits

One of the most commonly cited reasons is that of health At the time of the creation of the World Health Organization , in 1948, health was defined as being "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity", based on findings that red meat Red meat in traditional culinary terminology is meat which is red when raw and not white when cooked. Red meat includes the meat of most adult mammals and some fowl . In the nutritional sciences, red meat includes all mammal meat is detrimental to health in many cases due to non-lean red meats containing high amounts of saturated fats Saturated fat is fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acid radicals. There are several kinds of naturally occurring saturated fatty acids, which differ by the number of carbon atoms, ranging from 3 carbons to 36 (Hexatriacontanoic acid). Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the carbon atoms of the fatty.[2][3] Furthermore, eating certain kinds of fish A fish is any aquatic vertebrate animal that is covered with scales, and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins. Most fish are "cold-blooded", or ectothermic, allowing their body temperatures to vary as ambient temperatures change. Fish are abundant in most bodies of water. They can be found in nearly all aquatic raises HDL High-density lipoprotein is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL) that enable lipids like cholesterol and triglycerides to be transported within the water-based bloodstream. In healthy individuals, about thirty percent of blood cholesterol is carried by HDL levels,[4][5] and some fish are a convenient source of omega-3 fatty acids n−3 fatty acids are a family of unsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon–carbon double bond in the n−3 position; that is, the third bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid,[6] and have numerous health benefits in one food variety.[7]

On the other hand, there have been concerns cited about consuming large quantities of some fish varieties due to their containing toxins A toxin is a poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms (although humans are technically living organisms, man-made substances created by artificial processes usually are not considered toxins by this definition). It was the organic chemist Ludwig Brieger (1849-1919) who first used the term 'toxin' such as mercury and PCBs,[8] though it is possible to select fish that contain little or no mercury and moderate the consumption of mercury-containing fish.[9][10]

Comparisons to other diets

Pescetarianism is similar to many traditional diets emphasizing fish as well as fruits, vegetables and grains. Many coastal regions tend to eat this way and these features characterize the traditional Mediterranean diet The Mediterranean diet is a modern nutritional recommendation inspired by the traditional dietary patterns of poor coastal regions of southern Italy, Crete, and coastal Greece in the 1960s and the diets of many countries in Asia, Northern Europe and the Caribbean. These other traditional diets tend to also include meat, although it is peripheral. Some pescetarians describe themselves as vegetarian and often people unfamiliar with vegetarianism believe the pescetarian diet to be vegetarian. In common with vegetarians, pescetarians often eat eggs and dairy, in addition to fruits, vegetables and grains. The Vegetarian Society The Vegetarian Society is a British registered charity established on 30 September 1847 with the aim of promoting understanding and respect for vegetarian lifestyles, which initiated popular use of the term vegetarian Vegetarianism is the practice of following a plant-based diet including fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, nuts, and seeds, with or without dairy products and eggs. A vegetarian does not eat meat, including red meat, game, poultry, fish, crustacea, and shellfish, and may also abstain from by-products of animal slaughter such as animal-derived as early as 1847, does not consider pescetarianism a vegetarian diet.[11] The definitions of "vegetarian" in mainstream dictionaries vary.[12]

List of pescetarians

See also: Category:Pescetarians, List of vegans, and List of vegetarians This is a list of people who are believed to have adhered to a vegetarian diet at some point during their life, listed by nationality. Vegans are also included on the list since vegetarianism encompasses the vegan diet. In the cases where a person's vegetarian status is disputed or they no longer adhere to a vegetarian diet, this is noted next to

This is a list of notable people who are known to be pescetarians or were pescetarians.

References

  1. ^ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. "pescatarian." [Online] Merriam Webster, Inc Merriam–Webster, which was originally the G. & C. Merriam Company of Springfield, Massachusetts, is an American company that publishes reference books, especially dictionaries that are descendants of Noah Webster’s An American Dictionary of the English Language. Available at http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pescatarian [Accessed 17 July 2009]
  2. ^ E Giovannucci, EB Rimm, MJ Stampfer, GA Colditz, A Ascherio and WC Willett, ""Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men"". http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/54/9/2390. , Cancer Research 54, 2390-2397, (May 1, 1994)
  3. ^ Frank B. Hu, MD, PhD, JoAnn E. Manson, MD, DrPh and Walter C. Willett, MD, DrPh, ""Types of Dietary Fat and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Critical Review"". http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/abstract/20/1/5. , Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 20, No. 1, 5-19 (2001)
  4. ^ Paul J Nestel, ""Fish oil and cardiovascular disease: lipids and arterial function"". http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/71/1/228S. , American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 71, No. 1, 228S-231S, (January 2000)
  5. ^ Sacks FM, Hebert P, Appel LJ, Borhani NO, Applegate WB, Cohen JD, Cutler JA, Kirchner KA, Kuller LH, Roth KJ, et al., ""Short report: the effect of fish oil on blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention"". http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/71/1/228S. , Journal of Hypertension, 209-13, ( Feb 12, 1994)
  6. ^ Frank B. Hu, MD; Leslie Bronner, MD; Walter C. Willett, MD; Meir J. Stampfer, MD; Kathryn M. Rexrode, MD; Christine M. Albert, MD; David Hunter, MD; JoAnn E. Manson, MD, ""Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women"". http://jama.highwire.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/14/1815. , JAMA. 2002;287:1815-1821.
  7. ^ Get Hooked on Fish! by Sue Gilbert, MS, Nutritionis
  8. ^ Committee on the Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, National Research Council, ""Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury"". http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9899.html. , ISBN 0-309-07140-2 (2000)
  9. ^ Experts Say Consumers Can Eat Around Toxins In Fish - Science Daily
  10. ^ Mercury: Are Fish safe to eat? by Gloria Tsang R.D.
  11. ^ "Vegetarians do not eat fish!" The "fish campaign" webpage of the Vegetarian Society The Vegetarian Society is a British registered charity established on 30 September 1847 with the aim of promoting understanding and respect for vegetarian lifestyles
  12. ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, often abbreviated to SOED, is a scaled-down version of the Oxford English Dictionary . It comprises two volumes rather than the twenty needed for the full second edition of the OED. The sixth edition was released in August 2007. 2 (6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press Oxford University Press is the largest university press in the world. It is a department of the University of Oxford and is governed by a group of 15 academics appointed by the Vice-Chancellor known as the Delegates of the Press. They are headed by the Secretary to the Delegates, who serves as OUP's chief executive and as its major representative. 2007. p. 3506 defines "vegetarian" (noun) as "A person who on principle abstains from animal food; esp. one who avoids meat but will consume dairy produce and eggs and sometimes also fish (cf. VEGAN noun)." Shorter Oxford English Dictionary The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, often abbreviated to SOED, is a scaled-down version of the Oxford English Dictionary . It comprises two volumes rather than the twenty needed for the full second edition of the OED. The sixth edition was released in August 2007. 2 (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press Oxford University Press is the largest university press in the world. It is a department of the University of Oxford and is governed by a group of 15 academics appointed by the Vice-Chancellor known as the Delegates of the Press. They are headed by the Secretary to the Delegates, who serves as OUP's chief executive and as its major representative. 2002. p. 3511 has the same definition.
  13. ^ http://www.cutoutandkeep.net/snippets/issue11/ladytron/
  14. ^ Vivinetto, G., 2000. Chapman giggles; reporter hatches heckling plan. St. Petersburg Times The St. Petersburg Times is one of two major newspapers serving the Tampa Bay Area, the other being The Tampa Tribune, which the Times tops in both circulation and readership. Based in St. Petersburg, Florida, the Times has won eight Pulitzers since 1964, and in 2009, won two in a single year for the first time in the paper's history. It is, [internet] 14 September. Available at http://www.sptimes.com/News/091400/Weekend/Chapman_giggles_repor.shtml [Accessed 10 June 2009]
  15. ^ Pechin, Pauline (October 15, 2008). "Common Predicts Movie Stardom for Himself". BlackBook. BlackBook Media. http://www.blackbookmag.com/article/common-predicts-movie-stardom-for-himself/4533. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
  16. ^ Late Night with Conan O'Brien, 2007. [TV programme] Broadway Video, Conaco, Universal Media Studios, NBC, 27 September 2007.
  17. ^ http://dave.uktv.co.uk/hall-of-fame/daves-mates/alan-davies/
  18. ^ Ready Steady Cook, 2008. [TV programme] BBC2 27 May 2008.
  19. ^ "Afl. 5: Breda beste getest door Mystery Guest" (in Dutch). RTL. 2008-03-04. http://www.rtl.nl/(/reality/mijntentistop2/home/)/reality/mijntentistop2/components/nieuws/articles/0403_samenvatting_5.xml. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  20. ^ http://www.bestlifeonline.com/cms/publish/style/The-X-Man-Cometh.php
  21. ^ Home Box Office, Inc. ca. 2009. Susie Essman - Susie talks about life on the set and why there are so few female stand-up comics. [Online] (Updated 2009) Available at http://www.hbo.com/larrydavid/interviews/Essman_2.html [Accessed 10 June 2009]
  22. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mTFMSHUX38
  23. ^ http://www.parade.com/health/2010/01/03-start-getting-healthier-right-now.html
  24. ^ IGN: Death Cab For Cutie, 4 September 2003, accessed 21 March 2009
  25. ^ http://blogs.zdnet.com/Apple/?p=192
  26. ^ Nieuwenhuis, Marcia (2006-02-16). "Fractievoorzitter van D66 Lousewies van der Laan interviewt stand-up comedian Jan Jaap van der Wal" (in Dutch). lousewiesvanderlaan.nl. http://www.lousewiesvanderlaan.nl/item.cfm?id=62D8186B-CB69-BD0A-5EF3306D72687AEA. Retrieved 2008-04-16. "V: "Ben je vegetarisch?" A: "Nee, ik ben eigenlijk pescatarisch, een vegetariër die vis eet." (Q: "Are you a vegetarian?" A: "No, actually I am a pescetarian, a vegetarian who eats fish.")"
  27. ^ Harvey Levin. (20 October 2009). TMZ Live, "Balloon, Mel and Manson Madness". Los Angeles, California: TMZ Productions, Inc. Event occurs at 21:14. http://www.tmz.com/tmzlive?autoplay=true&mediaKey=b5f94598-4ab9-488b-8e1f-da905168e346. Retrieved 7 December 2009. "Yeah…I'm not a vegetarian; I'm a pescetarian, and I'm trying."
  28. ^ http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a188427/ten-things-you-never-knew-about-dannii-minogue.html
  29. ^ Mary Tyler Moore. Interview with Larry King. Larry King live. CNN. 2001-05-07. (Interview [Transcript]). Retrieved on 2008-03-19.
  30. ^ http://vegetarianstar.com/tag/conor-oberst-and-pescetarian/
  31. ^ Watkins, G., 2009. 5-Minute Time Out: Andy Serkis. Babble, [internet] 30 January. Available at http://www.babble.com/Andy-Serkis-The-Inkheart-star-on-being-Gollum-King-Kong-and-a-father-of-three/index2.aspx [Accessed 15 June 2009]
  32. ^ Renaud, J., 2009. Andy Serkis. Geek Monthly, [internet] 7 January. Available at http://geekmonthly.com/blog/?p=188 [Accessed 15 June 2009]
  33. ^ http://www.staugustine.com/stories/040201/new_04020100011.shtml
  34. ^ "Hayley Westenra – 'I'm a tough chick'". New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1501119/story.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10436564&pnum=0. Retrieved 2007-06-17.
  35. ^ http://twitter.com/HeyItsNicoleA/status/14568799143/
  36. ^ http://twitter.com/ArianaGrande/status/18399308844

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hu, 02 Aug 2007 18:29:50 GM

Pescetarianism.​ . What the heck is up with all that fish!!!??? Here is the real deal, I am now a . Pescetarian. . Here is an excerpt from my article on . Pescetarianism.​ to explain why: Three weeks out from the NPC show I did last year. ...

Google Blogs Search: Pescetarianism,
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Transitioning from vegetarianism to pescetarianism...?
Q. I've been a vegetarian for a year and a half, and I've decided to become a pescetarian and include seafood in my diet. My question is: will I get sick the first time I eat a seafood dish, considering how long it's been since I've had one?
Asked by The Lanky Poet - Sat Dec 26 14:29:33 2009 - - 5 Answers - 0 Comments

A. You can get sick from eating a seafood dish no matter what your previous diet was. There are over 50 helminthic infections from fish/shellfish (i.e. parasites that parasitizes the human gut) that can infect humans, including Anisakis worm and Strongyloides stercoralis (this one is deadly). Besides parasites there are a couple of other illnesses that should be consider when consuming (especially raw) fish/shellfish. One is hepatitis A. This virus, which infects the liver, is transmitted because of unsanitary conditions, either because of where the fish/shellfish were captured (like in a bay or polluted area) or during preparation. Other infections that's possible are bacterial (e.g. Staphylococcus) and amoebic. There are also two types of… [cont.]
Answered by Paranormal Kitty - Sat Dec 26 16:43:13 2009

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